Human resources, Ecodesign, F-gases, and per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) – these are the four major long-term challenges facing Europe’s heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) industry. While supply chains are returning to normal after the pandemic and the European economy has proven to be largely resilient despite the war in Ukraine, the challenges for the European market are now home-grown: a lack of skilled labor and regulations that do not always seem aligned will be the defining issues in the industry in 2024.